In To Kill a Mockingbird, when does the judge say Tom is guilty?

In a trial by jury, it is actually never the judge who gives the verdict. Instead, the jury determines the verdict via vote and passes their decision on to the judge to be announced. The same process takes place in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird. In Chapter 21, after the endless waiting, the jury returns to the jury box and hands their voteson a piece of paper to Sheriff Heck...

In a trial by jury, it is actually never the judge who gives the verdict. Instead, the jury determines the verdict via vote and passes their decision on to the judge to be announced. The same process takes place in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird.

In Chapter 21, after the endless waiting, the jury returns to the jury box and hands their votes on a piece of paper to Sheriff Heck Tate, who hands the paper to Judge Taylor. Then, Judge Taylor reads off each guilty verdict. Scout notes in her narrative that, with each guilty verdict read, Jem jerks from the shock:

Judge Taylor was polling the jury: "Guilty ... guilty ... guilty ..." I peeked at Jem: his hands were white from gripping the balcony rail and his shoulders jerked as if each "guilty" was a separate stab between them. (Ch. 21)

Later, in Chapter 23, when Atticus is discussing the case with his children, he explains that Robinson has a good chance of appealing the trial, being retried, and acquitted. It's also at this point that we learn the jury sentenced Robinson to be executed. Jem protests, saying that "the jury didn't have to give him death--if they wanted to they could've gave him twenty years" (Ch. 23).

Hence, from the passages above, we learn that it is the jury who gave the guilty verdict and sentenced Robinson to death, not Judge Taylor, which is the standard process in jury trails.