What is the border of Elsewhere and the community called in The Giver?

The boundary itself does not have a name. Even the world beyond does not have a name - it is simply "Elsewhere."  Although "Elsewhere" is referred to multiple times in the book, the boundaries or borders of the actual community and "Elsewhere" are not discussed.

As Jonas and the Giver plan Jonas's escape, we begin to learn a bit more about their world, but not much. We know that the Giver periodically travels to nearby...

The boundary itself does not have a name. Even the world beyond does not have a name - it is simply "Elsewhere."  Although "Elsewhere" is referred to multiple times in the book, the boundaries or borders of the actual community and "Elsewhere" are not discussed.

As Jonas and the Giver plan Jonas's escape, we begin to learn a bit more about their world, but not much. We know that the Giver periodically travels to nearby communities, so we know there are other communities like Jonas's, but we do not know how many there are or how much area they cover.

Once Jonas begins his "journey to Elsewhere" as he calls it, he has to travel really far. He bikes for days before finally saying in Ch. 23, "Yet he felt it; felt that Elsewhere was not far away." By this time, however, he has already been experiencing weather and landscapes—things which he had not experienced in his community. So, this blurs the line a bit for readers, who have to then wonder where his community's control ends and where "Elsewhere" begins. Is "Elsewhere" only where other people are outside of the community? Or just anywhere outside of the strict control of Jonas's community? That is never made clear.

Why did Federalists oppose the Louisiana Purchase and what did they plan to do about it?

To understand why some Federalists were opposed to the Louisiana Purchase, take a look at the following extract from an editorial written by Alexander Hamilton in 1803:

As to the unbounded region west of the Mississippi... a wilderness through which wander numerous tribes of Indians. And when we consider the present extent of the United States, and that not one-sixteenth part of its territory is yet under occupation, the advantage of the acquisition, as it relates to actual settlement, appears too distant and remote to strike the mind of a sober politician with much force.

In other words, the Federalists opposed this purchase because the land was inhabited by Native Americans and, therefore, the chance of being able to settle people here seemed low, if not impossible. (Read the full source in the first reference link provided).

In response to the president's desire to go ahead with the purchase, some Federalists, like those in new England, threatened to secede from the United States. These threats, however, did not hinder the purchase and, in fact, during a vote in the Senate, the motion passed with an overwhelming majority, at 26 votes to 6. (See the second reference link).

Why is it important to select the appropriate wavelength of light when using a spectrophotometer, with the explanation stated in terms of the...

When using a a spectrophotometer to measure concentration changes in a colored solution you want to select the wavelength at which the greatest absorbance by the solution occurs.

Wavelength of light is related to energy by Planck's constant, h = 6.626 x 10^-34 J-s. The relationship is described by the equation E = h`nu`  where  = frequency or E = (hc)/`lambda` where c = speed of light (3.0 x 10^8 m/s) and `lambda`  = wavelength. 

When we...

When using a a spectrophotometer to measure concentration changes in a colored solution you want to select the wavelength at which the greatest absorbance by the solution occurs.

Wavelength of light is related to energy by Planck's constant, h = 6.626 x 10^-34 J-s. The relationship is described by the equation E = h`nu`  where  = frequency or E = (hc)/`lambda` where c = speed of light (3.0 x 10^8 m/s) and `lambda`  = wavelength. 

When we see a substance as a particular color, we're seeing the wavelengths or colors of light that it reflects. Other wavelengths are absorbed. The primary colors of light are red, green and blue. Secondary colors are yellow, magenta and  blue-green.

When a primary color is absorbed, the remaining two primary colors that are reflected make up the complementary secondary color of the absorbed wavelength.

The purpose of the hint is to tell you that the range of maximum absorbance of the substance is most likely the complementary color of the color that the substance appears, not the color that you actually see in the spectrophotometer.

You can find the wavelength that has maximum absorption by starting at the shortest wavelength setting on the spectrophotometer and measuring the absorbance of your solution, then increasing the wavelength setting by 10 nm settings and repeating. 

What forces Jonas to flee the community sooner than he had planned?

Towards the end of The Giver, Jonas has received many memories and learned many truths about the community in which he has grown up. He has become very attached to the baby, Gabriel, who has been staying with Jonas' family until he gets bigger and stronger. During his time with the Giver, Jonas learned that when someone in the community is released, he or she is actually euthanized. Jonas cannot believe that people he loves...

Towards the end of The Giver, Jonas has received many memories and learned many truths about the community in which he has grown up. He has become very attached to the baby, Gabriel, who has been staying with Jonas' family until he gets bigger and stronger. During his time with the Giver, Jonas learned that when someone in the community is released, he or she is actually euthanized. Jonas cannot believe that people he loves have been responsible for this. The reason that Jonas decides to leave early is because he discovers that Gabriel has not made enough progress and is scheduled to be released. Jonas knows that even though he has not received all of the memories he had hoped to, especially memories about bravery and courage, he must leave the society in order to save Gabriel's life. 

What was the Sassanian Empire's role in facilitating the spread of universal religions and the development of common cultures in Afro-Eurasia. How...

The Sassanian Empire was the last Persian Empire before the rise of Islam. In geography, language, and cultural traditions, it exhibited significant continuities with the earlier Persian imperial dynasties, including the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC) and Parthian Empire (247 BC–224 AD). It maintained their traditions of highly centralized authority, elaborate bureaucracy, legalism (including a strong emphasis on fairness and consistent justice), and divinization of the king.

The Sassanid Empire lasted from 224 AD to 651 AD, and...

The Sassanian Empire was the last Persian Empire before the rise of Islam. In geography, language, and cultural traditions, it exhibited significant continuities with the earlier Persian imperial dynasties, including the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC) and Parthian Empire (247 BC–224 AD). It maintained their traditions of highly centralized authority, elaborate bureaucracy, legalism (including a strong emphasis on fairness and consistent justice), and divinization of the king.

The Sassanid Empire lasted from 224 AD to 651 AD, and was located between the Roman Empire to the west and India to the east. Being at a crossroads of major east-west and north-south trade routes it was also a center from which religions were disseminated.

The official religion of the Sassanid Empire was Zoroastrianism, a religion that dominated the region from approximately 600 BC to 650 AD. The major sacred text of the religion, the Avesta, was first compiled in this period from earlier oral traditions. Despite having a strong state religion, the Sassanid Empire offered more religious freedom that the Roman Empire to the west and substantial communities of both Platonists and Christian heretics fleeing persecution in the west settled in the Sassanid Empire. Of particular importance were the Nestorian Christians, whose form of Syriac Christianity was supported by the Sassanids as a way of ensuring the loyalty of Christian subjects in opposition to the Nicene Christianity of the Roman Empire. Thus the early Christian missions to the east, moving along the Silk Road, including India and China, were Nestorian, emanating from the Sassanid Empire. 

Zoroastrian tradition also influenced the theology of the Abrahamic religions, especially Islam as it took root in Persia.

What is a suitable indefinite pronoun that fits into the phrase?: "All pens are bad -------- seem to be writing."

There are two indefinite pronouns which are appropriate for this sentence, but choosing the correct one depends on the meaning of the phrase. If there is a context, you can use it to find clues about what the author meant; if there is not a context, I would say that it is based on your own opinion.

The first potential indefinite pronoun is "all," so the phrase would be: All pens are bad; all seem...

There are two indefinite pronouns which are appropriate for this sentence, but choosing the correct one depends on the meaning of the phrase. If there is a context, you can use it to find clues about what the author meant; if there is not a context, I would say that it is based on your own opinion.

The first potential indefinite pronoun is "all," so the phrase would be: All pens are bad; all seem to be writing. (The semicolon is necessary to make the sentence grammatically correct, though you could also use an em dash.) The meaning behind this one is pretty obvious: pens are bad because they write (presumably on their own, with no human help), which would be a little disconcerting to see.

The second potential indefinite pronoun is "none," so the phrase would be: All pens are bad; none seem to be writing. This version of the saying is more humorous, saying that pens are bad because they do not write on their own.

Either pronoun is correct grammatically, but the correct meaning is based on context clues and/or your own choice.

What were the issues debated during the constitutional convention?

There were several issues debated at the constitutional convention. One issue was about representation in Congress. The large states wanted to have unequal representation in Congress. They believed large states should have more representatives than small states. The small states feared they would always be in the minority if this occurred. They were concerned their needs wouldn’t be addressed. A compromise was reached where one house of Congress, the House of Representatives, had unequal representation while the other house, the Senate, had equal representation.

A second issue that was debated was if slaves would be counted in the population figures. The South wanted slaves to count as part of the population since they would get more representatives in the House of Representatives. The North didn’t want slaves to count in the population. Another compromise was made where five slaves counted as three people for purposes of the population count to determine representation in the House of Representatives.

A third issue discussed was the power of the executive branch. Some people were afraid of what would happen if one person led this branch. These people were afraid this person would have too much power and would abuse it. They decided to have one person, the President, lead the executive branch. However, the President could be impeached if laws were broken or if the power was abused.

A fourth issue debated regarded trade. The North wanted Congress to control foreign trade while the South was concerned about this happening. Both sides agreed that Congress would control interstate trade. They agreed that Congress would also control foreign trade. However, only imports could be taxed.

There were many issues debated at the constitutional convention. Fortunately, the delegates were able to make compromises that resolved the differences that existed between the North and the South.

Explain how John the Savage and Mustapha Mond are presented as foils in Brave New World.

In Aldous Huxley's novel Brave New World, protagonist John the Savage and antagonist Mustapha Mond are presented as foils for one another. To truly understand what this means, we should review what this literary device accomplishes: 

Foil: two characters whose differences, which are few but extreme, are emphasized by their many similarities.

The main difference between John and Mustapha is easily identified: John rejects and abhors the society of the Brave New World, whereas...

In Aldous Huxley's novel Brave New World, protagonist John the Savage and antagonist Mustapha Mond are presented as foils for one another. To truly understand what this means, we should review what this literary device accomplishes: 

Foil: two characters whose differences, which are few but extreme, are emphasized by their many similarities.

The main difference between John and Mustapha is easily identified: John rejects and abhors the society of the Brave New World, whereas Mustapha fully embraces and reinforces it. Their similarities are equally clear, but many people have trouble identifying them because of these drastic differences. The similarity between these two characters is the fact that each serves as a strong advocate for his own cultural ideology, to which he tries to convert his counterpart.

What are the differences and similarities between Atticus and Mrs. Dubose throughout the novel To Kill a Mockingbird?

Although neighbors, Atticus Finch and Mrs. Dubose are distinctly different.

While Atticus always finds a way to understand other people--"he "climb[s] into [their] skin and walk[s] around in it"--and encourages others with kind words, Mrs. Dubose seems to seize any opportunity to insult. 

Because she lives just two doors down, Scout and Jem must pass her house whenever they go to the business section of Maycomb, and Scout dreads doing so:

If she were on...

Although neighbors, Atticus Finch and Mrs. Dubose are distinctly different.

While Atticus always finds a way to understand other people--"he "climb[s] into [their] skin and walk[s] around in it"--and encourages others with kind words, Mrs. Dubose seems to seize any opportunity to insult. 

Because she lives just two doors down, Scout and Jem must pass her house whenever they go to the business section of Maycomb, and Scout dreads doing so:

If she were on the porch when we passed, we would be raked by her wrathful gaze, subjected to ruthless interrogation regarding our behavior, and given a melancholy prediction of what we would amount to when we grew up, which was always nothing.... We could do nothing to please her. (Ch.11)

Unlike Mrs. Dubose, Atticus focuses upon the positive aspects of a person, and he encourages his children to be kind. For instance, after Jem complains about all the insults hurled at him by Mrs. Dubose, Atticus tells Jem:

"Jem, she's old and ill. You can't hold her responsible for what she says and does." (Ch.11)

Another difference between Atticus and Mrs. Dubose is that she believes in the traditions of the Old South, while Atticus is non-traditional in allowing his children to call him by his first name, something that makes Mrs. Dubose "apoplectic." Mrs. Dubose finds most offensive Atticus's acceptance of the role of defense attorney for Tom Robinson. She hurls one invective after another at Atticus for defending a black man.

Despite all these differences, Mrs. Dubose and Atticus Finch share the value of being an individual who lives and dies by a set of principles. For instance, neither believe in lying and they insist upon maintaining their integrity. Constantly, Mrs. Dubose accuses the children of not telling her the truth: "Don't you lie to me!" Later, in the penultimate chapter of the narrative, Atticus verbally wrestles with allowing Sheriff Tate to place the blame for Bob Ewell's death on Ewell himself, rather than upon Jem, who Atticus mistakenly believes is responsible.

In another instance, Mrs. Dubose, having broken her dependency upon morphine, dies on her own terms, while Atticus accepts his role as attorney for Tom Robinson and conscientiously defends him. 

How did political events shape plays written by William Shakespeare?

Political events had a profound impact on Shakespeare's plays in ways large and small. Shakespeare was inspired by both the politics of his time and the politics of previous eras of English history (indeed, he wrote ten plays devoted to English history), but some of the most interesting political influences on Shakespeare's writing need a little backstory to make apparent. Here's a good one:

One of Shakespeare's most popular plays, then and now, is "Richard III". Richard is a funny, scary, amazingly written villain, easily the worst, most murderous king England had ever seen and has inspired performances by actors like Laurence Olivier, Ian McKellen, and Kathryn Hunter (the first two are widely available on video). Shakespeare got a lot of the story of Richard's nefarious deeds from Thomas More's history of Richard's reign.

Here's where the politics come in.

The man who overthrew Richard III to become the next king was named Henry Richmond, and he was crowned Henry VII. His son ruled as Henry VIII and number 8's daughter was the current Queen of England, Elizabeth I. Henry VII personally approved the "official" history of Richard III as written by More; not suprisingly, he wanted to make himself look as good as possible by making Richard look like a monster. In fact, more recent historians have begun to think that maybe Richard III wasn't such an evil man after all and that More's history was in many details a slander designed to justify Henry VII's decision to start a war and seize the crown for himself.

Shakespeare took More's work and dramatized it as fact, and did it so well that Henry VII got his wish: he's the hero of the story. But if Henry hadn't needed such an elaborate political justification for seizing the throne, More might never have written a history of such a loathsome, evil man, Shakespeare wouldn't have read it and we all would have been denied one of literature's great villains. The politics of the time demanded a smear campaign against Richard III in the history books, and whether it was true or not, Shakespeare took political propaganda and spun it into a fascinating, devious, twisted character.

`sin(4x) = -2sin(2x)` Find the exact solutions of the equation in the interval `[0, 2pi).`

By a double angle formula `sin(4x)=2sin(2x)cos(2x).`

Therefore our equation may be rewritten as

`2sin(2x)cos(2x)+2sin(2x)=0,` or

`sin(2x)(cos(2x)+1)=0.`

So `sin(2x)=0` or `cos(2x)=-1.`

The general solutions are `2x=kpi,` or `x=(kpi)/2,`

and `2x=-pi/2+2kpi,` so `x=-pi/4+kpi,` where `k` is any integer.

The roots in the interval `[0, 2pi)` are

`x=0,` `x=pi/2,` `x=pi,` `x=(3pi)/2,` `x=(3pi)/4,` `x=(7pi)/4.`

By a double angle formula `sin(4x)=2sin(2x)cos(2x).`

Therefore our equation may be rewritten as

`2sin(2x)cos(2x)+2sin(2x)=0,` or

`sin(2x)(cos(2x)+1)=0.`

So `sin(2x)=0` or `cos(2x)=-1.`

The general solutions are `2x=kpi,` or `x=(kpi)/2,`

and `2x=-pi/2+2kpi,` so `x=-pi/4+kpi,` where `k` is any integer.

The roots in the interval `[0, 2pi)` are

`x=0,` `x=pi/2,` `x=pi,` `x=(3pi)/2,` `x=(3pi)/4,` `x=(7pi)/4.`

What is the theme of the story "The Pedestrian"?

One of the major themes of “The Pedestrian” by Ray Bradbury is conformity and non-conformity.  This theme is represented by the citizens in this society who spend their lives watching television and Leonard Mead who prefers to walk the city instead of wasting time inside in front of the TV.  In this futuristic society set in 2053, people no longer read or do much of anything besides go to work and sit in front of...

One of the major themes of “The Pedestrian” by Ray Bradbury is conformity and non-conformity.  This theme is represented by the citizens in this society who spend their lives watching television and Leonard Mead who prefers to walk the city instead of wasting time inside in front of the TV.  In this futuristic society set in 2053, people no longer read or do much of anything besides go to work and sit in front of their televisions each night.  Meade, however, was once a writer who rejects the lifestyle so many of the three million in the city in which he lives adhere to.  He prefers to wander the lonely streets getting fresh air and reflecting on the lives in the dark houses he passes.  He comments that his nightly walks are like walking through a graveyard; he is alone and doesn’t see anyone else outdoors.

Mead is a symbol of non-conformity, and he is arrested for acting “odd” by the robot police car that catches him on his nightly walk.  Mead tells the police car he doesn’t have a job since he used to be a writer, and that he doesn’t have a wife (which could explain why he takes his nightly walks).  It is so strange that Mead walks every night that the police car takes him to the Psychiatric Center for Research on Regressive Tendencies.  Because there are facilities like this research center, and one can get arrested for walking, it is implied by Bradbury that the government is happy with the people who conform in this society.

How does Auburn present the relationship between Catherine and Hal?

Hal and Catherine's relationship is fraught with mistrust and suspicion throughout much of David Auburn’s “Proof”. Though Hal is immediately romantically interested in Catherine, he also grows very concerned when confronted with her claims of writing a mathematical proof so profound that he is certain it is beyond her capabilities. When she also begins to display symptoms of the mental illness that her father suffered from, his worries only grow, as does his suspicions about...

Hal and Catherine's relationship is fraught with mistrust and suspicion throughout much of David Auburn’s “Proof”. Though Hal is immediately romantically interested in Catherine, he also grows very concerned when confronted with her claims of writing a mathematical proof so profound that he is certain it is beyond her capabilities. When she also begins to display symptoms of the mental illness that her father suffered from, his worries only grow, as does his suspicions about the origin of the proof. Catherine for her part is very mistrustful of Hal’s career ambitions, as he has confessed to her his feelings of inadequacy and worries about possibly being too old to make a real contribution in mathematics. Catherine learned math from her father, but lacking solid academic credentials, she is reluctant to trust Hal with her work; it would be very easy for him to pass it off as his own and the temptation to do so is very strong, as the implications of the proof are career-making. This dance of mistrust and suspicion giving way to love and collaboration makes up the journey that Auburn charts for these two. The play ends, not with a complete resolution, but with the beginnings of a more positive, trusting relationship between them.

Why did Prince Prospero decide to randomly rush the masked figure?

When the masked figure (whom I will now refer to as the Red Death as he is later discovered to be) first appeared, he struck fear into the hearts of all, including the heart of Prince Prospero. The Red Death's costume was almost an exact replica of a corpse - and not just any corpse, but one that had been killed by the Red Death. The appearance of the Red Death was horrifying enough to...

When the masked figure (whom I will now refer to as the Red Death as he is later discovered to be) first appeared, he struck fear into the hearts of all, including the heart of Prince Prospero. The Red Death's costume was almost an exact replica of a corpse - and not just any corpse, but one that had been killed by the Red Death. The appearance of the Red Death was horrifying enough to make Prince Prospero shudder either from "terror or distaste", though he soon became angry. He ordered the other people at the party to seize the Red Death and unmask him, intending to hang him in the morning, but even though people moved towards him, no one dared to touch him. This allowed the Red Death to walk right past the prince and continue on unhindered, so the prince, angered by his guests' reluctance and his own fear, rushed towards the Red Death with a knife. Unfortunately, his bravery ended with his own death, and then the deaths of all the other guests. 

What is the major problem and solution in the book The Giver by Lois Lowry?

The main problem that is presented in the The Giveris that no one in the community questions anything, nor do they really understand the reason for anything. Individuals have given up their own critical and individual abilities to make decisions in favor of the community Elders making those decisions for them.  Individuals do not have memories of their societal history, so they really are kept in the dark about why they do what they...

The main problem that is presented in the The Giver is that no one in the community questions anything, nor do they really understand the reason for anything. Individuals have given up their own critical and individual abilities to make decisions in favor of the community Elders making those decisions for them.  Individuals do not have memories of their societal history, so they really are kept in the dark about why they do what they do. Even the community members’ feelings have been dulled over time, as Jonas begins to notice once he has felt deeper feelings through the memories. As a result, the community lives a very regulated life that is dictated by carefully crafted rules. The community faces no major problems or inconveniences and everything is routine. Life is easy.

The solution, toward the end of the novel, is that when Jonas leaves, the memories he has been given will be transferred back to the community. This will be hard for the community members because they have never been uncomfortable, let alone felt the type of emotional or physical pain that Jonas and the Giver have. The Giver thinks that this will help the community in the long run:

"I think they can [bear this burden], and they will acquire some wisdom. But it will be desperately hard for them. When we lost Rosemary ten years ago, and her memories returned to the people, they panicked" (Ch.20).

The Giver says they will need help in dealing with those memories that they get from Jonas, and that the Giver will be the one to help them with that burden. So, the solution is to help the community members begin to start remembering their past so they can have a true context for the life they currently live. Only then can they perhaps begin to question if this is a way of life they want to continue versus it being a life they were born into and never thought to question.

One of the themes in The Pigman is the power of love. How can this theme be seen through the life of Mr. Pignati?

Love is demonstrated by Mr. Pignati multiple times as we learn about his past and present self through John and Lorraine's shared narration. Mr. Pignati from the very first moment is a man who receives others with warmth and generosity. When John and Lorraine initially pretend to be charity workers, he does not question the veracity of their lie, but accepts and engages them with his jokes and playful manner. John and Lorraine cannot help but respond with patience and kindness. They both regard Mr. Pignati as an ideal parent figure because of his complete acceptance of them and gratitude for their companionship. He shows more trust of them than either John's or Lorraine's parents ever do.

Mr. Pignati's loving nature is also shown in the way that he treats animals. We learn that he has a tradition of visiting the zoo daily to see Bobo the baboon, who Mr. Pignati refers to as his best friend. He brings Bobo peanuts and other snacks, and when Mr. Pignati is hospitalized after a heart attack, he even tries to arrange for John and Lorraine to carry out the visits he will be forced to miss while recovering. He is more concerned about Bobo missing him than he is about his own health.

It is clear that Mr. Pignati has always been a loving person as clues are slowly revealed about his wife Conchetta. He keeps a room full of pig knick-knacks as a sort of shrine to their relationship, explaining that one pig in particular was the first memento of himself that he gave to her when they first met one another. Every time Mr. Pignati mentions his wife he seems melancholy, and at last one night he breaks down crying and admits that she is dead rather than visiting his sister. John had already discovered the loss while snooping through Mr. Pignati's belongings, having come across a receipt for Conchetta Pignati's funeral, which was signed by Mr. Pignati. Mr. Pignati still keeps all of his wife's clothing and jewelry, and he speaks fondly of her when Lorraine asks about Conchetta's photograph.

Mr. Pignati's love and trust are repaid in the worst possible way. John and Lorraine get carried away by too much independence while occupying his house during the hospitalization, and their immature abuse of his generosity sets off a cluster of traumatic things that drive Mr. Pignati closer to his eventual destruction. First he arrives home from the hospital in a still-sickly state to find his house full of drunken teenagers. If this were not bad enough, some of them have destroyed the cherished relics of his marriage: the pig collection and one of Conchetta's lovely dresses. Mr. Pignati is deeply, devastedly affected by this trespass. Nonetheless, on the last day of Mr. Pignati's life John and Lorraine feel that he has forgiven them. After all, to love somebody requires forgiveness of faults, and he has always behaved lovingly to them.

When John and Lorraine invite him to the zoo to see Bobo, thinking this will bring Mr. Pignati some cheer, they inadvertently accompany him to death's door. He dies of some combination of grief, exhaustion, and shock when they learn that Bobo had died a week earlier, approximately at the same time when Mr. Pignati's heart attack had occurred. Having lost all tangible connections to his beloved wife, baboon friend, and former playful affection for John and Lorraine, Mr. Pignati simply ceases to exist. It is as if he had been made of love, and the gradual taking-advantage of his love basically has eroded his spirit until there is nothing left to do but die.

How has Katniss rebelled against the Capitol and why?

In the first book of the Hunger Games trilogy, it was not Katniss' intent to rebel against the Capitol. Neither she nor any of her friends in District 12 had any love for the government. The Capitol had kept very tight control over all the Districts since an uprising in District 13, including forcing all remaining twelve Districts to send two teenagers each to the Hunger Games each year--a fight to the death for all...

In the first book of the Hunger Games trilogy, it was not Katniss' intent to rebel against the Capitol. Neither she nor any of her friends in District 12 had any love for the government. The Capitol had kept very tight control over all the Districts since an uprising in District 13, including forcing all remaining twelve Districts to send two teenagers each to the Hunger Games each year--a fight to the death for all except one champion. Katniss, at 16, was the breadwinner for her mother, her younger sister Prim and herself; her hunting and trading are what fed them. She had no time for active rebellion. When Prim was selected as District 12's female "tribute", Katniss volunteered instead in order to save Prim. Once in the Games, she simply tried to keep herself alive. When the possibility that both Katniss and Peeta could survive when the rules changed, she worked for that. The Capitol again changed the rules once Katniss and Peeta were the two remaining tributes. Katniss' strategy of threatening no winners, by both eating the poison berries, worked--but made enemies of the Capitol. President Snow saw it as a deliberate ploy to disgrace the Capitol and himself, and saw Katniss as a rebel that had to be destroyed.

Why does Waverly start winning more chess games?

Waverly starts to win more chess games because of three reasons. 

First, Waverly was eager to learn; she was an apt pupil.  She learned well from Lau Po.  Po was a decent player, and she soon exhausted his knowledge.  Here is what the text says:

By the end of the summer, Lau Po had taught me all he knew, and I had become a better chess player.

Second, Waverly learned the art of invisible strength...

Waverly starts to win more chess games because of three reasons. 

First, Waverly was eager to learn; she was an apt pupil.  She learned well from Lau Po.  Po was a decent player, and she soon exhausted his knowledge.  Here is what the text says:

By the end of the summer, Lau Po had taught me all he knew, and I had become a better chess player.

Second, Waverly learned the art of invisible strength from her mother as a little girl, and more importantly she applied this knowledge to chess to her advantage.  Because of this, she became very clever. Waverly admits this right from the beginning of the story. She says:

I was six when my mother taught me the art of invisible strength. It was a strategy for winning arguments, respect from others, and eventually, though neither of us knew it at the time, chess games.

Finally, Waverly was obsessed with chess. This is probably the greatest reason why she began to win more.  In one section of the story, she says that she drew a chessboard and pinned it next to her bed.  From this board she would think about chess and create mock battles in her mind. Again she admits:

I loved the secrets I found within the sixty-four black and white squares. I carefully drew a handmade chessboard and pinned it to the wall next to my bed, where I would stare for hours at imaginary battles.

What part of Holden's personality leads to his mental breakdown?

That is a complex question. It is probably all the parts of Holden's personality, plus some aspects of the world around him, that work together to orchestrate his breakdown. I will just focus on two parts of his personality, though.

Holden is sensitive and idealistic. Although he talks as if he's tough and cynical, he's actually very perceptive about injustice in the world and the vulnerability of certain people to it (including children and guys...

That is a complex question. It is probably all the parts of Holden's personality, plus some aspects of the world around him, that work together to orchestrate his breakdown. I will just focus on two parts of his personality, though.

Holden is sensitive and idealistic. Although he talks as if he's tough and cynical, he's actually very perceptive about injustice in the world and the vulnerability of certain people to it (including children and guys with acne). Holden is so perceptive and sensitive that these things really bother him. He would like to be able to rescue vulnerable people from injustice and tragedy, as if he were "catching" children who are about to fall off a cliff. Most of the time, of course, this isn't possible. Because of his sensitivity and idealism, Holden isn't just able to write these things off. Instead, he ruminates on them, digging himself deeper and deeper into depression.

Holden is restless. He has a low tolerance for mental pain. Throughout the story, whenever Holden is bothered by something, he takes some kind of action to get away from the mental pain or distract himself from it. He might spontaneously decide to leave the place he is in, he might call up a friend or acquaintance to chat, or he might visit a bar to drink, and flirt with women. These are all attempts to get away from the mental pain. Most people can identify with this. Unfortunately, in Holden's case, his self-soothing attempts make things worse. They lead him to become drunk, hungry, sleep-deprived, broke, and subject to a string of frustrating and fruitless conversations. His running behavior makes him feel worse, so he runs on to something else, which makes him feel even worse. It's a vicious cycle. The cycle continues until he meets up with his sister Phoebe.

How do the boys in Lord Of The Flies sustain themselves in Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4?

Chapter 3 begins with a description of Jack hunting. He isn't able to get anything but afterward, in talking to Ralph, he reveals his deep desire to get some meat.

This question seems to apply to food as sustenance. But the boys are "sustained" in other ways. Jack is sustained (kept motivated and occupied) by a growing need to hunt and potentially kill. Ralph and Simon are sustained by their work on the shelters and...

Chapter 3 begins with a description of Jack hunting. He isn't able to get anything but afterward, in talking to Ralph, he reveals his deep desire to get some meat.

This question seems to apply to food as sustenance. But the boys are "sustained" in other ways. Jack is sustained (kept motivated and occupied) by a growing need to hunt and potentially kill. Ralph and Simon are sustained by their work on the shelters and their hope of being rescued. This notion of being sustained implies a notion of what keeps the boys motivated and/or occupied.

Getting back to the question of food as sustenance, when Jack returns and is talking to Ralph, he gets some water from a coconut shell. The water comes from the fresh stream. 

Later in this chapter, Simon is off walking by himself. He walks through acres of fruit trees where (as the narrator puts it) even the "least energetic" person could find plenty of food. So, here is a plentiful source of sustenance. The littluns catch up with Simon but they can not reach the fruit, so he grabs it for them. 

In Chapter 4, Jack successfully kills a pig. Although Ralph is angry at Jack for having neglected the fire, he gladly eats some meat: 

Ralph’s dribbled. He meant to refuse meat, but his past diet of fruit and nuts, with an odd crab or fish, gave him too little resistance. He accepted a piece of half-raw meat and gnawed it like a wolf. 

So, prior to this successful hunt, Ralph (and the others) had been surviving on fruit, nuts, and the occasional crab or fish. 

What do Scout's thoughts about Boo Radley show us about her in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, based on chapters 25 - 31?

In Chapter 31 of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird,Scout's thoughts about Arthur (Boo) Radley reveal a lot about just how much she had learned over the years and particularly at the exact moment standing on the Radley's porch.Scout had just escorted Radley home, asking him to bend his arm so she could take it, fixing things to look like Radley was escorting her down the street just like any gentleman...

In Chapter 31 of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout's thoughts about Arthur (Boo) Radley reveal a lot about just how much she had learned over the years and particularly at the exact moment standing on the Radley's porch.

Scout had just escorted Radley home, asking him to bend his arm so she could take it, fixing things to look like Radley was escorting her down the street just like any gentleman escorting a lady. After he enters his house, Scout stands before a window to the left of the door of the house and notes how much of the neighborhood can be seen from that window. As she does so, she imagines Radley observing "his children." One of the most significant moments is  when she imagines Radley watching "his children's heart break," which refers the kids' emotions after Tom Robinson lost his trial and was shot trying to escape prison. The second most significant moment is when she says to herself, "Autumn again, and Boo's children needed him," which refers to the moment the kids are nearly killed by Bob Ewell and rescued by Radley. Both of these imaginings open Scout's mind up to understanding just how much Radley cared for the children, just how much he is a kind and caring person he is in general.

Scout's realizations help her fully internalize something she had always been taught by Atticus: "[Y]ou never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around them." Scout further states, "Just standing on the Radley porch was enough." In other words, Scout has learned to see things from others' perspectives and to reject the prejudiced views of others. Scout's realization about seeing things from the perspective of others shows us just how much she has grown up throughout the book and at that particular moment.

According to the guard, Jimmy got his pardon from where? |

The guard did not tell Jimmy he had been pardoned. He only escorted him to the warden's office

There the warden handed Jimmy his pardon, which had been signed that morning by the governor.

The warden refers to the fact that Jimmy had gotten "sent up on that Springfield job." There are many towns in America named Springfield, but it is most likely that the warden is referring to Springfield, Illinois, which is the capital...

The guard did not tell Jimmy he had been pardoned. He only escorted him to the warden's office

There the warden handed Jimmy his pardon, which had been signed that morning by the governor.

The warden refers to the fact that Jimmy had gotten "sent up on that Springfield job." There are many towns in America named Springfield, but it is most likely that the warden is referring to Springfield, Illinois, which is the capital of that state and the place where the governor would preside. When Jimmy gets released from prison, he pulls off three safecracking jobs in banks located in Richmond, Indiana, Logansport, and Jefferson City. Logansport is located in Indiana, and there is a Jefferson City in that state. So Jimmy's area of operations seems to be in Illinois and adjacent Indiana. Apparently he was pardoned by the governor of Illinois. Jimmy has a lot of connections, and the governor was probably doing one of them a favor, if not accepting a cash bribe. The warden shows he knows all about Jimmy's important friends in this excerpt from their conversation:

"Let's see, now. How was it you happened to get sent up on that Springfield job? Was it because you wouldn't prove an alibi for fear of compromising somebody in extremely high-toned society?

A little later in the story Jimmy will move to Arkansas because he feels he is getting too "hot" in the Illinois-Indiana area. There he will fall in love at first sight with Annabel Adams and decide to reform. He changes his name to Ralph D. Spencer and becomes a prosperous small-town businessman. But his past catches up with him because of the three bank jobs he had pulled in Indiana. There will be no pardon the next time. If he was serving four years for one job in Springfield, he might get sentenced to twelve years for three bank jobs. No governor is likely to be persuaded to pardon him for three serious crimes. As Ben Price, the private detective, is heard to remark:

"Yes, I guess I want Mr. Valentine. He'll do his bit next time without any short-time or clemency foolishness.”

Jimmy probably hadn't wanted to pull three safecracking jobs in a row in Indiana, but he needed to accumulate a certain amount of capital before he could take time off and lie low. O. Henry specifies that he only got "a scant eight hundred dollars" on the first job in Richmond and fifteen hundred dollars in Logansport. But then he got five thousand dollars on the third job, which was in Jefferson City. After that he was able to go underground for as long as he pleased. The big Jefferson City haul enabled him to move to Elmore, Arkansas and set up a shoe business as a "front" from which he planned to raid banks in a fresh territory.

Summarize how DNA directs the making of a protein.

Signal Transduction:

The production of a new protein actually begins outside of the cell when a signaling molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell membrane. Common signaling molecules include hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors.  The binding of a receptor by a signaling molecule triggers a series of biochemical events that result in the activation of transcription factors within the nucleus of the cell. Transcription factorsare cell proteins involved in converting specific DNA...

Signal Transduction:

The production of a new protein actually begins outside of the cell when a signaling molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell membrane. Common signaling molecules include hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors.  The binding of a receptor by a signaling molecule triggers a series of biochemical events that result in the activation of transcription factors within the nucleus of the cell. Transcription factors are cell proteins involved in converting specific DNA sequences into RNA.

Transcription:

Transcription is the process of turning a particular DNA sequence into its corresponding RNA sequence. The process of transcription is activated when transcription factors bind to specific sequences on the DNA. The binding of transcription factors to DNA leads to the activation of a protein called RNA polymerase. RNA polymerase copies a sequence of DNA into RNA. The new RNA sequence is called pre-messenger RNA.

The pre-messenger RNA sequence often contains sections of RNA that are not needed for protein production. These sequences are edited out by cellular enzymes. The resulting RNA sequence is called messenger RNA (mRNA). The messenger RNA strand is then transported out of nucleus into the cytoplasm of the cell.

Translation:

Translation is the process of creating a protein from the mRNA strand. Once in the cytoplasm, the messenger RNA strand is bound by a particle called a ribosome. Ribosomes are small proteins that are able to bind both messenger RNA and another type of RNA call transfer RNA. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules have specific amino acids attached to them. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Each tRNA is able to recognize and bind to a particular three base sequence of mRNA called a codon. Each codon sequence is associated with a particular amino acid. As the ribosome  moves along the mRNA strand, tRNA molecules bring in new amino acids corresponding to each codon sequence. A chain of amino acids is created based on the codon sequences in the mRNA.

Protein Processing:

The strand of amino acids is then released from the ribosome. The chain of amino acids often undergoes further folding before it becomes a functional protein. The new protein is then packaged and secreted from the cell or used within the cell itself.

Explain how enzymes speed up the rate of biochemical reactions by lowering the energy needed to start reaction ?

Enzymes are catalysts that speed up the rate of a reaction by providing an alternate pathway that has a much lower activation energy, as compared to the original (non-catalyzed) pathway. Activation energy is the energy barrier that must be overcome for the reaction to take place. Note that enzymes do not lower the energy barrier, rather they provide an alternate route to the reaction. Enzymes do so by two mechanisms: It brings the reactants close...

Enzymes are catalysts that speed up the rate of a reaction by providing an alternate pathway that has a much lower activation energy, as compared to the original (non-catalyzed) pathway. Activation energy is the energy barrier that must be overcome for the reaction to take place. Note that enzymes do not lower the energy barrier, rather they provide an alternate route to the reaction. Enzymes do so by two mechanisms: It brings the reactants close to each other and in orientations that facilitate the formation of bonds at lower activation energy. This is facilitated by provision of active sites by the enzymes. Another mechanism is easing out the transformation of reactants to the transition state, by stretching the bonds in the reactant molecules. The reactants, then find it easier and less energy intensive to convert to transition state and then to final products. 

Hope this helps.

What are some quotes that show King Claudius's dominance over Queen Gertrude?

The two women in Shakespeare's Hamletare both dominated by the men in their lives.  Gertrude is subservient to both her new husband Claudius and to her son Hamlet, and at times, even Claudius's advisor Polonius seems to lord power over her.  Gertrude, even more so than Claudius, is the rightful ruler of Denmark; yet she is rarely given the respect due to this position.  Granted, one of our impressions of her is that she...

The two women in Shakespeare's Hamlet are both dominated by the men in their lives.  Gertrude is subservient to both her new husband Claudius and to her son Hamlet, and at times, even Claudius's advisor Polonius seems to lord power over her.  Gertrude, even more so than Claudius, is the rightful ruler of Denmark; yet she is rarely given the respect due to this position.  Granted, one of our impressions of her is that she doesn't have much of her own to say; when Claudius gives instructions to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, she merely parrots his words after him.  Claudius and Polonius seem to be the true rulers of the country; they often plot and scheme without Gertrude's awareness:

Claudius:  Sweet Gertrude, leave us too,
For we have closely sent for Hamlet hither...

She is not included in their plans and is expected to passively agree--and she does, rather pathetically:

Gertrude:  I shall obey you.

Later in Act 4, Laertes comes back from France determined to seek revenge for his father's death.  When he attempts to attack Claudius, Gertrude moves to stop him.  Claudius, ever confident of his position, demands that she not restrain Laertes:

Claudius:  Let him go, Gertrude. Do not fear our person. There’s such divinity doth hedge a king

That treason can but peep to what it would,
Acts little of his will.—Tell me, Laertes, Why thou art thus incensed.
Let him go, Gertrude.—

Twice he makes demands of the woman Claudius knows is the rightful queen of Denmark, the woman without whom he would have no claim at all.  As Laertes begins to speak, Gertrude tries once to defend her husband and again is told to leave Laertes alone--to defer to a lesser man.  She is not heard from again in the scene.  She is completely submissive to her second husband, the very man who killed her first.

What is the theme of The Moth Signal?

The theme of the poem, “The Moth-Signal (On Egdon Heath)” by Thomas Hardy, is of broken hearts and the death of love. In the poem, a couple watches as a moth dies and burns in candle wax. Their conversation is forlorn as they speak of the transition of one season to another before the husband goes back to reading his history book thus ending the communication between the two. The wife walks outside where she...

The theme of the poem, “The Moth-Signal (On Egdon Heath)” by Thomas Hardy, is of broken hearts and the death of love. In the poem, a couple watches as a moth dies and burns in candle wax. Their conversation is forlorn as they speak of the transition of one season to another before the husband goes back to reading his history book thus ending the communication between the two. The wife walks outside where she meets an unknown ghostly being with whom she converses. As they speak, she expresses the thought that she might be better off dead like the ghost instead of staying in a loveless marriage. In a simile, she compares herself to the moth.

And were I as the moth is

It might be better far

For one whose marriage troth is

Shattered as potsherds are!

She feels her marriage is broken and loveless. The ghost notes that hearts are still broken as they were in his days on the earth.

What is the conflict in the novel Frankenstein?

In the novel Frankenstein many conflicts arise. However, throughout the entire novel, the conflict between Victor (the creator) and his creation remains. For example, a conflict arises between Victor and the creature in determining who is the actual monster.

By first glancing at novel, many might assume that the creature is the monster, due to his inhuman creation and the description of his appearance.  As the novel unfolds, the creature is described as hideous and...

In the novel Frankenstein many conflicts arise. However, throughout the entire novel, the conflict between Victor (the creator) and his creation remains. For example, a conflict arises between Victor and the creature in determining who is the actual monster.

By first glancing at novel, many might assume that the creature is the monster, due to his inhuman creation and the description of his appearance.  As the novel unfolds, the creature is described as hideous and horrifying. Many fear him and runaway from the monster. Furthermore, the monster also eventually becomes a murder.

On the other hand, upon further analysis, Victor also appears monstrous. Victor created the monster and then, abandoned him without food, instruction, or a family to teach him about the world or morals. Despite that Victor himself has a privileged background, he leaves his creation in these unfortunate circumstances. Also, Victor neglected the advice of his teachers to pursue his own forbidden learning to gain prestige and power.  After he created the monster, Victor himself states:

I was seized by remorse and the sense of guilt, which hurried me away to a hell of intense tortures, such as no language can describe.

As a result, the readers are left with this great conflict to decide who really is the monster. Is it the creature who was left abandoned without morals, nourishment, or anyone to provide for him, or is it his creator who made him for his own selfish desires and abandoned him?

Why is Chapter 9 of The Scarlet Letter titled "The Leech?"

The actual leech is a worm from the annelid family which has suckers at both ends of its body. As such, this invertebrate attaches itself to the skin of vertebrates, sucking the immediate blood source that comes up in the process. Leeches produce a natural anticoagulant and blood thinner. This is the reason why leeches were the preferred method for "curing" people many centuries ago. However, leeches are making their way back into modern medicine.

Back to the story, in the time period where The Scarlet Letter is set (17th century) a physician such as Chillingworth (who pretended to be one) would have been referred to as a "leech" precisely because of the employment of the worms during treatments. However, this is also a figurative term that applies quite well to Chillngworth, who seems to be sucking away at the soul of Dimmesdale with his constant questioning and mentioning about what could be lurking within the soul of the priest. At first, the people saw Chillingworth as a blessing for their beloved and sickly Reverend Dimmesdale. 

This learned stranger was exemplary, as regarded, at least, the outward forms of a religious life, and, early after his arrival, had chosen for his spiritual guide the Reverend Mr. Dimmsdale.

However, after a while, the true intentions of Chillingworth, his inner anger, and his hunger for revenge began to reflect in his face, making him seem evil and scary to all the villagers. We know as readers that Chillingworth, upon discovering the situation that Hester was under as a pariah of the village, was determined to bring out who it was that wronged him. Chillingworth is willing to do anything for Hester and her lover to come forward and tell the truth that it is Dimmesdale who fathered Pearl. Hence, to disguise himself as a "leech" and, literally, latch on to the body and soul of Dimmesdale would be the easiest way to make his plans work. 

Are there more mitochondria in muscle cells or in skin cells? And explain why.

There are more mitochondria in muscle cells than there are in skin cells.

Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria. There are three stages to cellular respiration- Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain (ETC). Each stage of cellular respiration utilizes a different part of the mitochondria. Cellular respiration is the process by which energy is made. During cellular respiration, oxygen gas and the sugar called glucose are transformed into carbon dioxide, water, and an...

There are more mitochondria in muscle cells than there are in skin cells.

Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria. There are three stages to cellular respiration- Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain (ETC). Each stage of cellular respiration utilizes a different part of the mitochondria. Cellular respiration is the process by which energy is made. During cellular respiration, oxygen gas and the sugar called glucose are transformed into carbon dioxide, water, and an energy source called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

The number of mitochondria within a cell differs based on the organism, tissue type, or cell type. Cells that are more active and/or move more will require a greater energy produced via cellular respiration. Therefore, cells that are more active usually contain more mitochondria than cells that are not as active. Since muscle cells are required for the movement of an organism, they will have more mitochondria than skin cells.

What is the personification in Langston Hughes's poem "As I Grew Older"?

Personification is a type of figurative language in which an author gives inanimate objects human characteristics. In his poem "As I Grew Older," Langston Hughes uses a couple instances of personification. One example of personification can be seen in his description of the wall. He says that a wall rose, higher and higher, separating him from his dream, as we see in the following lines:

And then the wall rose, Rose slowly, Slowly,Between me...

Personification is a type of figurative language in which an author gives inanimate objects human characteristics. In his poem "As I Grew Older," Langston Hughes uses a couple instances of personification.

One example of personification can be seen in his description of the wall. He says that a wall rose, higher and higher, separating him from his dream, as we see in the following lines:

And then the wall rose,
Rose slowly,
Slowly,
Between me and my dream.

Yet, this wall rises by itself, whereas walls can only literally rise due to the work of human hands. Since humans are absent in his description of the wall rising, we know he is describing the wall as being able to rise of its own accord, which is giving the wall human characteristics, or personifying the wall.

A second example of personification can be seen in the commands he gives his hands:

My hands!
My dark hands!
Break through the wall!
Find my dream!

Hands do not move of their own accord to fulfill commands. Instead, people use hands to fulfill their own desired purposes. Since Hughes is characterizing his hands as being able to listen and follow through with a command, we know he is giving his hands human characteristics, which is personification.

Analyze the impact of technological change on the American industrial worker between 1865 and 1900.

The production of too many useful things results in too many useless people.  --Karl Marx

Industrialism had a profound effect on the American worker. Before machines were utilized to produce goods, they were fashioned by hand with simple tools. The production of goods required a high degree of skill and sophistication. The craftsmen that produced these goods had a great deal of pride and were respected in the community. Craftsmen were usually, at the least, middle class on the socio-economic hierarchy. The manufacture of goods was a very personal affair and paid a decent wage. To become a craftsman normally required years of working for one as an apprentice.

With the introduction of machinery to the manufacturing equation, workers that produced goods were not required to possess a high degree skill or sophistication. Machines, for the most part, had replaced the handiwork of the craftsman of the past. The emphasis moved from quality to quantity and thousands of unskilled workers were hired to work in factories. The wages of the workers were barely at a subsistence level and the work was very dangerous with very little reward. Factory work was very impersonal and elicited very little pride in the people performing the work.

A great example of the monotony of the work is found in the 1936 Charlie Chaplin film by the name of Modern Times. Chaplin expertly parodies the plight of the American worker in the factories of the cities. A link is provided below of a humorous clip from the film.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewNLCkA0oBk

In the book "The Giver", what is the significance of rules in Jonas' Community? Why is breaking some rules socially acceptable (like riding a bike...

Rules are used to maintain conformity in the community, but it is very hard to change a rule.

The reason there are so many rules in Jonas’s community is that they are used to maintain social order.  Sameness is a very important concept to the community.  It keeps everyone from ever feeling uncomfortable.  The rules not only enforce Sameness but ensure that people always know exactly what to do. 

However, it is very hard to change a rule because a committee of citizens has to study it and Elders have to approve it.  This is why even when the majority of the community wants the rule changed, it does not get changed.  So people just look the other way, such as teaching eight year olds to ride a bike so that they know how to use it when they get their bicycle at age nine.

There is a rule for almost everything in Jonas’s community.  There are rules for precision of language, enforcing apologies, and telling feelings.  People are not allowed outside of their dwellings at night, and can’t bring food home unless they will eat it immediately.  These are just some of the minor rules governing everyday life.  Parents are supposed to reinforce these rules, and they are considered to be letting their community down if they do not.

Some rules are so unpopular with community members that they have decided to basically ignore them.  An example of this the rule about bicycles.  Almost everyone in the community seems to agree that eight year olds should be taught to ride a bike so that they can take advantage of their new bike as soon as possible when they turn nine.  However, it is nearly impossible to get a rule changed, even when everyone wants to.

There was talk about changing the rule and giving the bicycles at an earlier age. A committee was studying the idea. When something went to a committee for study, the people always joked about it. They said that the committee members would become Elders by the time the rule change was made. (Ch. 2)

This is why everyone looks the other way when the eight year olds’ older siblings teach them how to ride their bikes.  The rule is considered a formality only, it is not a serious offense and is “almost always broken.”  Since the rule is not important, it is not considered worthy of the Receiver.

Rules were very hard to change. Sometimes, if it was a very important rule--unlike the one governing the age for bicycles—it would have to go, eventually, to The Receiver for a decision.  The Receiver was the most important Elder. …But the committee would never bother The Receiver with a question about bicycles … (Ch. 2)

What is a serious offense is breaking a rule that causes other community members to be uncomfortable or afraid.  This is why the jet pilot was severely punished for accidentally flying over the community, and Jonas risked release for being outside his dwelling at night, taking food, and stealing his father’s bicycle.  

Jonas’s community could not function as efficiently as it did without rules.  The rules ensured that no one in the community would ever have to feel very strong emotions.  It was considered inappropriate and dangerous to love, or fear.  This is why everyone in the community takes pills for Stirrings.  The idea is to ensure that everyone remains under control.

What are some ways I could begin to relate themes between George Orwell's 1984 and Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five?

There are two themes that relate well to George Orwell's 1984 and Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse Five. The first theme is the destructiveness of war on a society. In 1984, Oceania exists in a constant state of war in order to consume the resources that would better the lives of its citizens. Keeping the population at a near starvation level encourages loyalty to the party overseen by Big Brother. In Slaughterhouse Five, this same...

There are two themes that relate well to George Orwell's 1984 and Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse Five. The first theme is the destructiveness of war on a society. In 1984, Oceania exists in a constant state of war in order to consume the resources that would better the lives of its citizens. Keeping the population at a near starvation level encourages loyalty to the party overseen by Big Brother. In Slaughterhouse Five, this same theme is portrayed by the destruction of Dresden in February, 1945. Before World War II, Dresden was one of Europe's most magnificent and culturally important cities. In the novel, Vonnegut argues that the city's destruction had no strategic value, but was revenge undertaken by the British and Americans in the war's waning months.

The second theme that ties both novels together is war's effect on the individual. In 1984, Winston Smith knows nothing but rationing due to Oceania's endless war with Eastasia and/or Eurasia. Even as a party member, Winston's flat is shabby and rundown, two facts that Orwell describes in great detail in the novel's first pages. In Slaughterhouse Five, Billy Pilgrim is haunted by memories from his time as a POW. For Billy, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) manifests itself as a delusion about the Tralfamadorians, aliens from another planet. 

Which of the following is a statement/proposition? 1. We ought to have a good balance between work and relaxation. 2. Not all mathematical...

The terms "statement" and "proposition" are technical terms used in philosophical analysis, but the terms are used differently in formal logic and in informal logic or argument theory. 

In formal logic, a proposition is something that has a truth value. The same proposition can, however, be expressed in multiple ways or multiple different statements. Thus "some cats are black" and "black coats are found on some felines" would express the same logical proposition with the...

The terms "statement" and "proposition" are technical terms used in philosophical analysis, but the terms are used differently in formal logic and in informal logic or argument theory. 

In formal logic, a proposition is something that has a truth value. The same proposition can, however, be expressed in multiple ways or multiple different statements. Thus "some cats are black" and "black coats are found on some felines" would express the same logical proposition with the same truth value, a value dependent on the empirical evidence of there being black cats. The propositional content of a sentence is its truth claim. Your second sentence, "Not all mathematical statements can be reduced to set theory," expresses a proposition. Because an "ought" statement expresses a moral imperative, it is of a different category than a formal logical proposition in that it is not making a clearly verifiable claim.

While some philosophers consider that there are moral truths, and thus that "ought" statements contain propositions in the sense of having truth values, many philosophers argue that to assign a truth value to an "ought" statement is to commit the "naturalistic fallacy."

In informal logic or argumentation, a proposition is a claim to be argued. Under this definition, both of your sentences would constitute propositions. Both sentences are declarative statements. 

How would William Henry Harrison have answered Tecumseh's claim that the Indians had no right to sell the land?

In his conference with Harrison at a council in Vincennes (located in modern Indiana) Tecumseh claimed that the Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1809, which sold large swaths of land to the United States, was invalid because not all of the Native peoples affected by the treaty had agreed to the sale. "Any sale," he said, "not made by all is not valid." Tecumseh's speech to Harrison is very famous, and while there are few...

In his conference with Harrison at a council in Vincennes (located in modern Indiana) Tecumseh claimed that the Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1809, which sold large swaths of land to the United States, was invalid because not all of the Native peoples affected by the treaty had agreed to the sale. "Any sale," he said, "not made by all is not valid." Tecumseh's speech to Harrison is very famous, and while there are few published accounts of Harrison's response, we do know more or less how he responded. He said, simply, that Indians were not one people, and that different Indian tribes were entitled to sell land to the United States of their own volition. He also disputed the Shawnee's claims to the land (they were relatively recent arrivals in the region) and essentially discredited the pan-Indian movement that Tecumseh was attempting to forge. The talks ended with mutual insults and near violence. 

Why does Romeo jump over the wall to enter the Capulet's garden?

At this point in the play, Romeo and his friends Mercutio and Benvolio have attended a ball given by the Capulet family; but they wore masks so they would not be recognized, owing to the bitter feud between the Capulet's and Romeo's family, the Montagues.  However, Romeo is recognized by Juliet's cousin Tybalt, who tells Juliet's father that a Montague has invaded the ball. Juliet's father decides to be benevolent and let Romeo stay, because...

At this point in the play, Romeo and his friends Mercutio and Benvolio have attended a ball given by the Capulet family; but they wore masks so they would not be recognized, owing to the bitter feud between the Capulet's and Romeo's family, the Montagues.  However, Romeo is recognized by Juliet's cousin Tybalt, who tells Juliet's father that a Montague has invaded the ball. Juliet's father decides to be benevolent and let Romeo stay, because he behaves like a gentleman. Soon after this, Romeo sees Juliet and speaks to her briefly and falls in love with her instantly. Mercutio suggests they leave the ball, and they are bid farewell by Juliet's father.

But Romeo is smitten and feels he cannot leave. "Can I go forward, when my heart is here?" he says. He then climbs the wall and hides from Mercutio and Benvolio, who have been making fun of him for being so fickle and falling in love so soon after his relationship with Rosalind ends. Mercutio thinks he has gone to bed, but Benvolio knows he climbed the wall. They decide to leave him there to fend for himself. Romeo is annoyed that Mercurio is so belittling: "He jests at scars that never felt a wound." But Romeo then sees a light in the upper window and sees Juliet at her balcony window, and overhears her, so he decides to speak to her. 

When she asks why he climbed the wall, risking his life if he is discovered by her family, he replies "With love's light wings did I o'erperch these walls, for stony limits cannot hold love out, and what love can do, that dares love attempt. Therefore, thy kinsmen are no stop to me." With this statement he declares his love for her and his willingness to put himself in danger to see her.

What is Mr. Tate's story in Tom's trial in To Kill a Mockingbird?

In Chapter 17, Mr. Heck Tate, the sheriff, has been called as the first witness in Tom Robinson's trial. He is questioned by Mr. Horace Gilmer, the prosecuting attorney.

Accordingly, he testifies that he was summoned by an agitated Bob Ewell to the family residence on the night of November twenty-first. When he gets to the house, he finds Mayella Ewell on the floor, in the middle of the living room. He helps Mayella up,...

In Chapter 17, Mr. Heck Tate, the sheriff, has been called as the first witness in Tom Robinson's trial. He is questioned by Mr. Horace Gilmer, the prosecuting attorney.

Accordingly, he testifies that he was summoned by an agitated Bob Ewell to the family residence on the night of November twenty-first. When he gets to the house, he finds Mayella Ewell on the floor, in the middle of the living room. He helps Mayella up, and she washes her face. When questioned, she tells the sheriff that Tom Robinson beat her up and raped her. Because of her accusations, Mr. Tate arrests Tom.

After Mr. Gilmer finishes with Mr. Tate, the sheriff is questioned by Atticus, who wants to know whether anyone bothered to call the doctor that night. Mr. Tate admits that no one did, as her injuries were pretty self-evident. However, this seems to be a poor answer. Atticus asks the question two more times, making Mr. Tate a little irritated in the process. It appears that Atticus' aim is to get the jury to question whether there was possible negligence on someone's part on the night of November twenty-first. Also, if there was negligence, since no one called the doctor, the next question would hinge on the reasons why.

Atticus then asks Mr. Tate to describe Mayella's injuries. The sheriff testifies that Mayella was badly beaten up; she had injuries on her arms, her head, and her neck. By the time he saw her, a black eye was already forming. Atticus asks Mr. Tate which eye was bruised, and Mr. Tate initially states that it was Mayella's left eye. However, Atticus wants to know whether the eye he is referencing was the one facing his own left eye or Mayella's left from her position. In the end, Mr. Tate testifies that it was actually Mayella's right eye which was bruised.

Mr. Tate is then anxious to describe Mayella's other injuries in fuller detail, and Atticus lets him. However, Mr. Tate's testimony about Mayella's bruised right eye raises other pertinent questions: as he instinctively looks at Tom Robinson, Harper Lee tells us that 'something had suddenly been made plain to him.' This fitting moment foreshadows a future moment when we are led to question Tom Robinson's supposed guilt in Mayella's abuse.

Hello, I am in a particular dilemma. This semester I have been taking a Literary Theory Course and for our final paper, we should choose a literary...

Given the list provided in the question, much could be written (and has been written) on Plato and Aristotle. Because Aristotle studied Plato and some of Aristotle's theories in the Poetics respond to what he had encountered from Plato (especially in the Republic), it seems fitting that these two authors should be linked.

As for the text of choice, one of Homer's poems would be a fitting choice. The Iliad would probably be the...

Given the list provided in the question, much could be written (and has been written) on Plato and Aristotle. Because Aristotle studied Plato and some of Aristotle's theories in the Poetics respond to what he had encountered from Plato (especially in the Republic), it seems fitting that these two authors should be linked.

As for the text of choice, one of Homer's poems would be a fitting choice. The Iliad would probably be the best to analyze because Plato seems to have more to say about the Iliad, especially in Republic 2 and 3, than he does the Odyssey.

Aristotle has a number of comments about Homer in the Poetics. For example, in Part II of Butcher's translation, we read as follows: "Homer, for example, makes men better than they are".

In contrast, in Republic III, Plato wants the educational system of his ideal state to avoid some of Homer's less virtue-inducing passages:

"Then we will once more entreat Homer and the other poets not to depict Achilles, who is the son of a goddess, first lying on his side, then on his back, and then on his face; then starting up and sailing in a frenzy along the shores of the barren sea..." (Jowett translation).

So, in my view, I would say that reading Homer's Iliad through a Platonic and Aristotlean lens would be a "do-able" project.

From a group of 7 candidates, a committee of 6 people is selected. In how many different ways can the committee be selected

Hello!

If all of committee members have equal rights, then to select 6 people from 7 candidates is the same as to select ONE people who is NOT in the committee. There are 7 ways to select one people, so there are 7 ways to select a committee. Also it is known as the number of combinations from 7 by 6, `C_7^6=C_7^1.` 

If, for example, a committee has 1 chairman, then there are 7 ways...

Hello!

If all of committee members have equal rights, then to select 6 people from 7 candidates is the same as to select ONE people who is NOT in the committee. There are 7 ways to select one people, so there are 7 ways to select a committee. Also it is known as the number of combinations from 7 by 6, `C_7^6=C_7^1.` 

If, for example, a committee has 1 chairman, then there are 7 ways for selecting a chairman and 6 ways to select a man not in a committee, 7*6=42 ways at all.

The answer for the simple question is 7 ways.

I am Hispanic, born here in the USA. My father was born in Mexico, and my mother in the USA. What ethnicity (White) and race (Hispanic/latina) am...

The answer to this depends on whether you are talking about race and ethnicity as defined by the US Census Bureau or as defined by social scientists.  The answer also depends on your own ideas about who you are.

According to the Census Bureau, there are five racial categories.  They are white, black, Asian, American Indian and Pacific Islander.  To the Census Bureau, Hispanic is not a race but an ethnicity.  (You can also pick...

The answer to this depends on whether you are talking about race and ethnicity as defined by the US Census Bureau or as defined by social scientists.  The answer also depends on your own ideas about who you are.

According to the Census Bureau, there are five racial categories.  They are white, black, Asian, American Indian and Pacific Islander.  To the Census Bureau, Hispanic is not a race but an ethnicity.  (You can also pick “some other race.”)  In this view, a person can be of any race while being ethnically Hispanic.  Therefore, you would pick what race you consider yourself to be and then say (on a separate question) that you are Hispanic.  You would pick your race based on what you look like and what your parents look like as there are people from Mexico with a variety of different skin colors and physical appearances.

To social scientists, the answer about your race would probably be similar.  To social scientists, race is based on physical appearance and on ancestry.  The vast majority of Mexican citizens are either mestizo or Amerindian so you would probably say that you are Amerindian or that you are mixed race.  You do not say what race your mother is, so it is hard to be any more specific.  (Because my mother is white and my father is from the Philippines, I typically say that I am mixed race when I fill out forms.)

Ethnicity, to social scientists, is about your culture.  With this, it is impossible to know how you would characterize your ethnicity because I cannot know how you dress, eat, speak, etc.  As I teach in a district that is more than 2/3 Hispanic, I know that you can have people who would probably all be classified the same in racial terms but who have very different cultural practices. If you speak Spanish a lot and eat things like menudo, you might say you are ethnically Hispanic.  If you do not speak Spanish much (or not at all) and you never eat Mexican food outside of a restaurant, you might say you are ethnically American.  (Most people would use “American” rather than “white” (when discussing ethnicity as a white person could be ethnically Russian, French, etc.) 

So,  the answer here depends to some degree on what you look like and to some degree on what you feel like/how you identify culturally.

What is the symbolism of Starbuck and Moby Dick?

Often, readers of Melville's Moby Dick focus on the relationship between Ahab and Moby Dick, as the entire novel arguably revolves around this relationship. However, it's worth considering the significance of the relationship between Starbuck (one of my personal favorite characters) and the Whale. Though a lot can be said about these two characters, I believe Starbuck's relationship to the whale essentially symbolizes the relationship between order and chaos.

First of all, Starbuck is a...

Often, readers of Melville's Moby Dick focus on the relationship between Ahab and Moby Dick, as the entire novel arguably revolves around this relationship. However, it's worth considering the significance of the relationship between Starbuck (one of my personal favorite characters) and the Whale. Though a lot can be said about these two characters, I believe Starbuck's relationship to the whale essentially symbolizes the relationship between order and chaos.

First of all, Starbuck is a devout Christian man who often serves as a contrast to Ahab's monomaniacal self-obsession. Starbuck believes in a higher power, in an ordered universe watched over and cared for by a benevolent deity. God has a plan for everyone and, because He is a benevolent God, this plan is pretty generally a good thing.

The Whale, however, is chaos. It is generally accepted that the Whale represents the unknowable immensity of the universe. The fact that this quality is personified through the brute power of a massive whale speaks to the chaotic quality of this meaninglessness.

It is clear, therefore, that Starbuck and the Whale represent opposite ends of the existential spectrum: Starbuck represents order and meaning, while the Whale represents chaos and meaninglessness. Understanding this relationship, the end of the book becomes more disturbing. Starbuck is, after all, killed by the Whale, along with the rest of his crew mates (except the lucky Ishmael). It would not be a stretch to posit that this event signifies the triumph of chaos over order.

In The Giver by Lois Lowry, what is one way people show respect throughout the book?

One way that the community members show respect is to apologize often for their "transgressions." Often they are apologizing for an inconvenience they have caused someone else, like arriving late somewhere or interrupting. The citizens are very, very polite in the way they communicate with one another and they choose their words very carefully. They try not to offend each other and if they do, by accident, then they immediately apologize.

In Ch. 17 Asher...

One way that the community members show respect is to apologize often for their "transgressions." Often they are apologizing for an inconvenience they have caused someone else, like arriving late somewhere or interrupting. The citizens are very, very polite in the way they communicate with one another and they choose their words very carefully. They try not to offend each other and if they do, by accident, then they immediately apologize.

In Ch. 17 Asher and Jonas exchange a few words about a game of good guys and bad guys. Jonas has asked them to stop playing it because he knows that it is based on war, and Asher does not have this context so he becomes upset at being told to stop. He tells Jonas he has no right to tell them what they can play, but he immediately apologizes,

"I apologize for not showing you the respect you deserve" (Ch. 17).

Although in our society he was only speaking his mind, in their society one must not speak against anyone who is above them in station (like Jonas is now as Receiver of Memory) and no one can say anything that might be viewed as angry, as Asher just did. So, he apologized immediately and this showed respect toward Jonas.

What did the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Vietnam War share in common?

The Vietnam War and the Cuban Missile Crisis are related to some degree. Both events were related to the spread of communism. In the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Soviet Union was installing offensive missiles in Cuba aimed at targets in the United States and Latin America. The Soviet Union became friendly with Cuba after the Cuban Revolution brought Fidel Castro to power in 1959. We weren’t happy to have a communist threat in the hemisphere,...

The Vietnam War and the Cuban Missile Crisis are related to some degree. Both events were related to the spread of communism. In the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Soviet Union was installing offensive missiles in Cuba aimed at targets in the United States and Latin America. The Soviet Union became friendly with Cuba after the Cuban Revolution brought Fidel Castro to power in 1959. We weren’t happy to have a communist threat in the hemisphere, let alone only 90 miles from our shores. There were took actions to challenge the aggressive actions of the Soviet Union in Cuba. We instituted a blockade around Cuba and told the Soviet Union that any attack in the western hemisphere would be viewed as an attack on the United States. Eventually, a deal was reached, and the missiles were removed.

In the Vietnam War, we also were fighting the spread of communism. North Vietnam wanted to unite all of Vietnam under communist rule. We provided aid to South Vietnam to prevent this from happening. In the beginning of the conflict, the aid included money and weapons. Then military advisors went to South Vietnam. Eventually, soldiers were sent into South Vietnam. We were there to prevent the North Vietnamese from spreading communism to South Vietnam. When a ceasefire agreement was signed in 1973, we left South Vietnam, and South Vietnam remained noncommunist. However, within two years after we left South Vietnam, North Vietnam defeated South Vietnam, making Vietnam a communist country.

`int sqrt(cot(x)) csc^2(x) dx` Evaluate the indefinite integral.

You need to use the following substitution  `cot x = t` , such that:

`cot x = t=>-csc^2 x dx = dt => csc^2 x dx = -dt`

`int sqrt(cot x)* csc^2 x dx = - int sqrt t dt`

`- int sqrt t dt = -(t^(3/2))/(3/2) + c`

Replacing back cot x for t yields:

`int sqrt(cot x)* csc^2 x dx = -(2/3)((cot x)^(3/2)) + c`

Hence, evaluating the indefinite integral, yields `int sqrt(cot...

You need to use the following substitution  `cot x = t` , such that:

`cot x = t=>-csc^2 x dx = dt => csc^2 x dx = -dt`

`int sqrt(cot x)* csc^2 x dx = - int sqrt t dt`

`- int sqrt t dt = -(t^(3/2))/(3/2) + c`

Replacing back cot x for t yields:

`int sqrt(cot x)* csc^2 x dx = -(2/3)((cot x)^(3/2)) + c`

Hence, evaluating the indefinite integral, yields `int sqrt(cot x)* csc^2 x dx = -(2/3)((cot x)^(3/2)) + c`

How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act affect the North and the South?

The Kansas-Nebraska Act proposed that these territories, after being organized, should be allowed to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery. This principle, called popular sovereignty, was espoused by the bill's author, Stephen Douglas, an Illinois Democrat who hoped that opening the region to settlement might lead to the construction of a transcontinental railroad with its terminus in Chicago. The bill outraged many in the North because it repealed the 1820 Missouri Compromise,...

The Kansas-Nebraska Act proposed that these territories, after being organized, should be allowed to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery. This principle, called popular sovereignty, was espoused by the bill's author, Stephen Douglas, an Illinois Democrat who hoped that opening the region to settlement might lead to the construction of a transcontinental railroad with its terminus in Chicago. The bill outraged many in the North because it repealed the 1820 Missouri Compromise, which had banned slavery in territories within the old Louisiana Purchase above a line drawn at 36'30 latitude. Many of those angered by the Act formed the Republican Party, which was created for the express purpose of arresting the spread of slavery. Southerners generally supported the bill, but eventually rejected its core idea of popular sovereignty due to the possibility that a territory could ban slavery from its borders. As it turned out, popular sovereignty in practice was catastrophic. Pro-slavery Missourians poured into Kansas to establish a pro-slavery government there against the wishes of a majority of Kansans. Bloodshed ensued in what became known as "Bleeding Kansas."

What does the clock symbolize in "The Masque of the Red Death" by Edgar Allan Poe?

In the story, a huge black clock stands against the westernmost wall of the last room in Prince Prospero's hall.  The last room is shrouded in black velvet tapestries, and its window panes are painted red; this is unusual because the windows of all the other rooms are painted the same color as the walls.  However, this last room seems to represent human mortality and death's inevitability as its colors are associated with the mystery...

In the story, a huge black clock stands against the westernmost wall of the last room in Prince Prospero's hall.  The last room is shrouded in black velvet tapestries, and its window panes are painted red; this is unusual because the windows of all the other rooms are painted the same color as the walls.  However, this last room seems to represent human mortality and death's inevitability as its colors are associated with the mystery of death and blood, it is the final room of the seven rooms and death is our eventual finality, and it is the westernmost room (and the sun sets in the west, as the actual death of day as well as a symbol of death itself).  

Clocks are often symbols of mortality as well, representing the unstoppable passage of time, and the fact that the clock is black (symbolic of death) and that the revelers stay away from the final room and fear the chimes of the clock -- especially when it strikes midnight (the death of day) -- seems to confirm the fact that the clock symbolizes mortality.  Likewise, Prince Prospero's death in this room gives further strength to this interpretation.

What is the argument between Miss Caroline and Scout about?

Miss Caroline is Scout's teacher in Harper Lee's classic novel To Kill a Mockingbird. In Chapter Two, Scout, the book's protagonist, attends school for the first time. Scout is so bright that she has already picked up reading naturally by looking through her father's papers. As Scout explains in the book, "I never deliberately learned to read, but somehow I had been wallowing illicitly in the daily papers." This remark is funny because it...

Miss Caroline is Scout's teacher in Harper Lee's classic novel To Kill a Mockingbird. In Chapter Two, Scout, the book's protagonist, attends school for the first time. Scout is so bright that she has already picked up reading naturally by looking through her father's papers. As Scout explains in the book, "I never deliberately learned to read, but somehow I had been wallowing illicitly in the daily papers." This remark is funny because it implies that Scout is doing something wrong by looking at the papers. Miss Caroline assumes that Scout's father, Atticus, has instructed her to read, and she tells Scout that she must stop reading until she is older. Scout, who is a natural reader, takes an immediate dislike to her teacher when she hears this remark.

Miss Caroline, who is new to the town of Maycomb, also assumes that Walter Cunningham, one of Scout's fellow students, has forgotten his lunch when she hears that he has no money or food for lunch. However, as everyone, including Scout knows, Walter's family is too poor to afford lunch. Miss Caroline innocently offers to lend Walter money, committing a tactless mistake because Walter can never pay her back. Scout tries to explain the situation to her teacher, but Miss Caroline punishes her.

Scout's entry into the world beyond her house is troubled. Her failure to understand the ways of people around her will continue, in part because she has grown up in a fair house and the world around her is not as fair or open-minded. Later in the novel, Atticus tells Scout that he will continue to teach her to read but that she must not tell her teacher about it. Atticus's forms of educating his children are far more progressive and fair than those practiced in the Maycomb school.

What are the aims and objectives of a curriculum design process?

A curriculum design process is a method by which teachers and other instructional authorities consider the goals, needs, and materials for their student group for a particular class or course. During this process, they may also consider which content to teach throughout the course. The curriculum design process will vary for each course of study: the goals and objectives of every class are different. This process is an effective way to go about lesson planning...

A curriculum design process is a method by which teachers and other instructional authorities consider the goals, needs, and materials for their student group for a particular class or course. During this process, they may also consider which content to teach throughout the course. The curriculum design process will vary for each course of study: the goals and objectives of every class are different. This process is an effective way to go about lesson planning in an intentional and purposeful way. It ensures all goals will be addressed, and also reduces the likelihood that students and instructors will fall short of objectives at the end of the course.

The goals of a curriculum design process are not limited to student goals. A good curriculum design process will also include goals for the institution, faculty, and staff. A note about the word "process"—the curriculum design process is not linear: curriculum planners do not go straight from goals to action. The fact that it is a process allows educational professionals to set a goal and continually assess whether it fits in as a part of the larger curriculum design.

How do you know that Jem doesn't believe Mr. Nathan Radley's explanation of why he filled the tree hole with cement in To Kill a Mockingbird? ...

The correct answer is He asks Atticus if he thinks the tree is dead.

During the summer with the influence of Dill, the children have become fascinated with the "haint" that lives across the street from them. Dill has suggested that Jem touch the house, and they also contemplate how they can communicate with the strange recluse who dwells within the walls of the Radley house.

Because the children have been within Boo's viewing, he...

The correct answer is He asks Atticus if he thinks the tree is dead.

During the summer with the influence of Dill, the children have become fascinated with the "haint" that lives across the street from them. Dill has suggested that Jem touch the house, and they also contemplate how they can communicate with the strange recluse who dwells within the walls of the Radley house.

Because the children have been within Boo's viewing, he has obviously watched them and, apparently, delighted in their play. One day as they pass the Radley tree on their way home, Jem discovers two soap figures that bear an incredible resemblance to himself and Scout; impressed at Boo's skill, he puts them in his trunk when he arrives home. On subsequent days they find chewing gum, a pocket watch, a medal, and other small items. So, Jem decides that they must write a thank you note to Boo; consequently, they leave one in the hole. But, the next day as they approach the tree, anticipating something new in it, they discover that the knothole has been filled with cement. Jem asks Mr. Nathan if he has filled it; he replies that he has, in fact, done so.

“Why’d you do it, sir?”
“Tree’s dying. You plug ‘em with cement when they’re sick. You ought to know that, Jem.”

Jem says nothing until the children meet Atticus as he walks home from his office. Jem asks his father,

“Is that tree dyin‘?”
“Why no, son, I don’t think so. Look at the leaves, they’re all green and full, no brown patches anywhere.

The answer from his father confirms Jem's doubts about the truth of what Mr. Nathan Radley has told him. Obviously, Mr. Nathan does not want Boo to interact with the Finch children.