Describe The Factors To Consider When Promoting Effective Communication

Communication is the exchange of ideas, information, and/or opinions between two or more parties. Effective communication allows for the concept being addressed to be completely understood by everyone involved and avoids hard feelings by any party. The following factors are suggestions that allow for effective communication:

- Consider cultural differences and adjust your communication as needed.

- Learn to listen. Good listening strategies include giving the other person time to formulate his/ her response, eliminating...

Communication is the exchange of ideas, information, and/or opinions between two or more parties. Effective communication allows for the concept being addressed to be completely understood by everyone involved and avoids hard feelings by any party. The following factors are suggestions that allow for effective communication:

- Consider cultural differences and adjust your communication as needed.

- Learn to listen. Good listening strategies include giving the other person time to formulate his/ her response, eliminating distractions, putting the other person at ease, being empathetic, and being patient.

- Avoiding personal prejudices. Keeping an open mind to new ideas or solutions.

- Use the techniques of clarification and reflection to confirm what the meaning of what the other party has stated. This will avoid assumptions.

- Be thoughtful of the tone used.

- Use humor in order to reduce stress and anxiety.

- Treat all parties equally.

- Resolve conflict constructively.

- Smile!

What are examples of dramatic irony in chapters 8, 9, or 10 of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird?

Dramatic irony occurs when, due to the unfolding action, a reader or audience gains more understanding of a character's situation than the character currently has. Harper Lee especially creates dramatic irony in Chapter 8 of To Kill a Mockingbird through Scout's and Jem's limited understanding of what Arthur (Boo) Radley giving Scout the blanket signifies.

After the fire is put in out in Chapter 8, Jem is the first to realize that the mysterious woolen blanket Scout is wearing wrapped around her shoulders must have been given to her by Arthur Radley. However, despite his realization, Jem is still unable to see Arthur as the caring, albeit reclusive, man the reader is beginning to see him as. Jem does not yet see him as caring; however, he is beginning to see him as harmless but still insane, as we see in Jem's ramblings about Arthur to Atticus:

'... Mr. Nathan put cement in that tree, Atticus, an' he did it to stop us findin' things—he's crazy, I reckon, like they say, but Atticus, I swear to God he ain't ever harmed us, he ain't ever hurt us.' (Ch. 8)

In contrast, the reader has reasons to doubt Arthur's insanity due to the kind things the reliable character Miss Maudie has to say about him earlier in Chapter 5. Therefore, in contrast to Jem, the reader is beginning to see Arthur not as someone who simply won't harm the children, as Jem sees, but as one who genuinely cares for the children and wants to express his sentiment in any quiet way he can.

In contrast to Jem, Scout, being the youngest, is very slow to understand who gave her the blanket. Plus, she understands even less about what the the gift of the blanket signifies than Jem does; in contrast to Jem, Scout still sees Arthur as someone to be terrified of. Scout's unawareness is revealed when, after her father says, "Someday, maybe, Scout can thank him for covering her up," Scout blankly replies, "Thank who?" (Ch. 8). Furthermore, her continued terror of Arthur is revealed when, after Jem explains Boo Radley put the blanket around her, she describes that her "stomach turned to water and [she] nearly threw up when Jem held out the blanket and crept toward [her]." However, unlike Scout, the reader, at this point in the story, knows that the children have no reason to fear Arthur Radley.

Since the reader understands far more about Arthur Radley by Chapter 8 than either Jem or Scout, we know that author Lee uses the incident concerning the blanket to build dramatic irony.

What are some numerical examples of how the marginal product curve is u-shaped?

In the link below, you can find a numerical example of how the marginal product curve is shaped like an upside-down “U.”  In this answer, I will give a second example and explain why the numbers are as they are.

Let us imagine that Kevin owns a pizza restaurant.  In the short run, Kevin has a fixed amount of capital.  That means that he only has a given amount of space, a given number of ovens, and a given number of things like pans in which to bake the pizzas.  However, Kevin can hire different numbers of people to work in his restaurant.  The number of people he hires will be shown along the horizontal axis of a marginal product curve.

Let us say that Kevin only hires one worker, who has to do all the work by herself.  She can produce 100 pizzas per week.  She has to take orders, make the pizzas, serve the customers, take payment, and do all the other tasks needed to have a pizza restaurant.  The marginal product of hiring this first worker is 100 pizzas per week.

 Now Kevin hires another worker.  Now, each worker can specialize.  Perhaps the first worker can specialize in actually making the pizzas and cleaning up afterward while the second worker takes care of taking orders, serving customers, and taking payments.  Now, the restaurant produces 250 pizzas in a week and the marginal product of the second worker is 150 pizzas per week.  The marginal product goes up for workers 1 and 2.

Then Kevin hires another worker.  This worker works in the kitchen, so now the restaurant can produce more pizzas.  Let us say that there are two ovens, which means that each kitchen worker can make pizzas for one oven.  However, this is not as big of a help as the second worker.  Worker #1 was able to make a pizza, put it in one oven, then make another pizza while the first was baking and put it in the second oven.  Having a second kitchen worker helps, but not as much as adding a worker to take care of the customers.  Now the restaurant produces 350 pizzas per week and the marginal product of the third worker was 100 pizzas.  We can see that the marginal product is now going down.

Finally, Kevin hires a fourth worker.  This one busses tables and does dishes.  Now the other three have easier jobs because they do not have to clean up, but this only frees up a little bit of their time.  The restaurant produces 400 pizzas per week and the marginal product of the third worker was 50 pizzas.

If we graph these changes, we will see that the marginal product goes up at first and then goes down, making a graph that looks something like an inverted “U.”  This happens because the marginal value of adding more workers eventually goes down as more and more workers are added to work on a fixed amount of capital.

Need help thinking of an essay topic. Prompt is to find a common theme within American literature (authors below) and compare two texts in the...

There are a lot of themes present in American literature.  For your prompt, I recommend staying fairly broad in your theme choice.  That will give you a lot of "wiggle" room to choose different authors.  You want that, because the list of authors that you provided spans hundreds of years worth of American literature.  

I would have a strong desire to pick a theme related to nature and the importance of nature to American...

There are a lot of themes present in American literature.  For your prompt, I recommend staying fairly broad in your theme choice.  That will give you a lot of "wiggle" room to choose different authors.  You want that, because the list of authors that you provided spans hundreds of years worth of American literature.  

I would have a strong desire to pick a theme related to nature and the importance of nature to American authors and their stories.  That would allow you to use Bradford's Plymouth Plantation. More importantly though, it allows you use any of the romantic and transcendentalist authors that are listed there.  Irving would top my list, because some of his descriptions of nature in "Rip Van Winkle" are gorgeous.  Emerson and Thoreau are good choices too, but I find them dry reads.  Lastly, you could use the early Native American literature that you listed.  Their entire society and religion is based on a harmonious relationship with nature. 

A different theme would be the importance of logical thought.  For that you could compare writings of Paine, Jefferson, and Franklin.  

There is a lot that you could do with Poe and Hawthorne too.  Both authors tend to thematically focus on death, revenge, and guilt.  What might be nice for you regarding those two authors is that they wrote a lot of short stories on those themes, so you could have a lot of different examples.  You might be able to work in some Dickinson stuff here too.  She has a lot of poems about death. 

You could focus on a theme of God and religion.  Bradstreet and Bradford are great for that.  Their Puritan values are always at the forefront of their writing.

What is an example of a historical event that shows that strength of our beliefs is tested when we encounter conflict?

The Spanish Inquisition is one historical example that comes to mind, as is the current situation in which various radical Muslims have made people choose between conversion and death, both, actually, two sides of the same coin.  In each instance, the strength of people's religious beliefs have been tested by the most extreme conflict.  

In the Spanish Inquisition, those who were of the Islamic and Jewish faiths were rounded up and forced to convert...

The Spanish Inquisition is one historical example that comes to mind, as is the current situation in which various radical Muslims have made people choose between conversion and death, both, actually, two sides of the same coin.  In each instance, the strength of people's religious beliefs have been tested by the most extreme conflict.  

In the Spanish Inquisition, those who were of the Islamic and Jewish faiths were rounded up and forced to convert to Christianity (specifically Catholicism, the only form of Christianity there was at the time), or they were to be put to death or expelled.  Those who agreed to convert were known as Conversos.  Some of those who did not agree were expelled, but many were killed.  At least some who converted did maintain their religious practices secretly and carried them with them to the new world.  (The Inquisition, which occurred over 500 years ago, has recently made the news, since Spain has decided to offer Spanish citizenship and apologies to the descendants of the Jews who were expelled.) This was a severe test of faith for Jews and Muslims, and many people died for their respective faiths.  

In the Middle East today, people not of the Islamic faith are being subjected to the same treatment. Some are fined, some flee, some are enslaved, and some are killed because of their faiths.  Christians, Jews, and Yazidis have been relentlessly persecuted and slaughtered, in the case of the Yazidis, to the degree that this is considered by the world to be genocide.  The strength of the beliefs of these people has been subjected to the most extreme conflict, and there are many who have died for their beliefs.

It seems that in over 500 years, we have learned little or nothing about allowing people the freedom to believe as they choose.  In spite of knowing history, we seem to be condemned to repeat it. 

In Chapter 15, why do the men finally leave Atticus and Tom alone?

In Chapter 15, Tom Robinson has been moved to the town jail.  He is not being detained there; rather, he is placed there for his own protection.  Atticus decides to further shield Tom from potential mob violence by sitting on the door step of the jail, blocking the entrance.

This turns out to be a smart move, as a mob does, indeed, converge on the jail.  What Atticus doesn't count on, however, is that Jem,...

In Chapter 15, Tom Robinson has been moved to the town jail.  He is not being detained there; rather, he is placed there for his own protection.  Atticus decides to further shield Tom from potential mob violence by sitting on the door step of the jail, blocking the entrance.

This turns out to be a smart move, as a mob does, indeed, converge on the jail.  What Atticus doesn't count on, however, is that Jem, Scout, and Dill -- all of whom have followed him to the jail -- also appear on the scene.

The men in the mob have their hats pulled down and their distinguishing features covered.  Even so, Scout spots and recognizes Walter Cunningham, the father of her classmate and a former client of her father's.  When she strikes up a conversation about Walter's son, Walter feels ashamed that he has been confronting Atticus as part of the mob, and he convinces the mob to leave.

In act 3, Annie says, "Don't smooth anything else out for me, don't interfere in any of the ways I treat her. I treat her like a seeing child...

Annie does expect Helen to see things; that is, she hopes that Helen will finally make the connection between the actual thing and the word spelled into her hand, and thus "see" the thing as having the meaning of the word.

In this passage from Act 3, Annie's angry words are spoken to Captain Keller following Helen's having thrown her napkin down deliberately despite her having learned not to do this from Annie. After Captain...

Annie does expect Helen to see things; that is, she hopes that Helen will finally make the connection between the actual thing and the word spelled into her hand, and thus "see" the thing as having the meaning of the word.

In this passage from Act 3, Annie's angry words are spoken to Captain Keller following Helen's having thrown her napkin down deliberately despite her having learned not to do this from Annie. After Captain Keller retrieves the napkin, fastens it around Helen's neck without her tossing it off, he says, 

There. I't not unnatural, most of us take some aversion to our teachers, and occasionally another hand can smooth things out. 

Just then the rebellious Helen jams her hand into Annie's plate of food; Annie grabs her wrist, there is a struggle, and Helen pours the pitcher-full of water onto Annie. When Keller stands, Annie angrily tells him not to get up and not to "smooth things out" for her because she expects Helen to "see," to understand how to behave, and to imagine that a plate of food is not the place to shove her hand.
Miraculously, Helen finally makes the connection with the water from the pump and the word water spelled repeatedly into her hand. She recalls having tried to say water before she became sick and does, indeed, "see."